Topographical Ruggedness Analysis of Jabal Sanam Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems

Abstract

This study investigates evidence to determine the topographical roughness of Jabal Sanam in southern Iraq using geographic information system (GIS) remote sensing methods. Jabal Sanam represents one of the most diverse geological features in the undeniably flat sediment of southern Iraq, making it an important location for terrain analysis. Look at the reliability statistics of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to obtain terrain characteristics and compare the spatial variant across the mountain range. Several spatial estimation methods have been used as a way to be aware of morphological complexity and version in elevation models, such as slope, mountain shadow, terrain roughness indices. The highest roughness has been focused while the reduction values are calculated within the surrounding surface areas. The findings suggested that the rugged pattern in Jabal Sanam is strongly associated with geological structure and tectonic origin, contributing to complex topographic work despite the generally flat nature of the surrounding environment. This study presents an important empirical foundation for future geological, geological and environmental research in southern Iraq and highlights the value of modern geospatial techniques in studying individual landforms and geodynamics.